In Shelton, the plaintiffs brought suit against an automobile manufacturer seeking to recover on theories of strict liability, negligence, and failure to warn when their child was killed in a rollover accident. Id. at 1324. The plaintiffs' attorney deposed the defendant's attorney to determine whether the defendant possessed documents concerning testing done on the vehicle in question. Id. at 1327. Defense counsel refused to answer many of the questions posed to her concerning the open and on-going litigation, citing both the attorney-client privilege and the work product doctrine. Id. at 1325. The defense did offer to produce other, non-lawyer witnesses to answer the plaintiff's questions. Id. at 1327. Plaintiffs' counsel admitted that he asked these questions to determine whether the defendant had in fact truthfully complied with his document requests and interrogatories. Id. at 1327. Plaintiffs' counsel was not seeking to discover information uniquely possessed by opposing counsel and central to the litigation, but rather was attempting to confirm the information he had already received.

We held in Shelton that requiring the attorney to answer the questions posed to her regarding the existence of certain documents would require her to reveal her mental selective process. See id. at 1329. From this information, her opponent could infer that since she remembered the existence of a particular document, the document may be sufficiently important that she may be relying on it in preparing her client's case. See id. In document intensive cases, "the selection and compilation of documents is often more crucial than legal research." Id. (citation omitted). Therefore, because the answers to the questions could have in essence revealed the attorney's litigation strategy, we held that the information sought was protected by the work product privilege. See id.

The instant case involves two separate actions, one of which is completely concluded, i.e., the patent infringement case, and the second of which is currently pending and gave rise to this appeal, i.e., the indemnification case. The District Court properly applied Shelton to the pending indemnification case and denied Dynasty access to records involving the LHDL attorneys' representation of Pamida in the on-going indemnification case. Shelton, however, does not apply to the concluded patent infringement action.

The Shelton test was intend to protect against the ills of deposing opposing counsel in a pending case which could potentially lead to the disclosure of the attorney's litigation strategy. See id. at 1329. Because this abuse of the discovery process had become an ever increasing practice, this Court erected the Shelton test as a barrier to protect trial attorneys from these depositions. See id, at 1327. But Shelton was not intended to provide heightened protection to attorneys who represented a client in a completed case and then also happened to represent that same client in a pending case where the information known only by the attorneys regarding the prior concluded case was crucial. In such circumstances, the protection Shelton provides to opposing counsel only applies because opposing counsel is counsel in the instant case and not because opposing counsel had represented the client in the concluded case. Therefore, the Shelton test applies only to the instant case, not to the concluded case. Dynasty need not satisfy Shelton to depose the LHDL attorneys regarding information involving the concluded patent infringement case.

Dynasty is primarily seeking information regarding the concluded patent infringement case, not the pending indemnification action. Furthermore, Dynasty is seeking to depose opposing counsel to discover information peculiarly within counsel's knowledge and centrally relevant to the issues in the indemnification action, i.e., whether the $750,000 in attorneys' fees incurred in defending the patent infringement action was reasonable and what action was taken to notify Dynasty of the patent infringement action and Pamida's claim for indemnification. In such circumstances, deposing opposing counsel may not only be the most expedient approach, but the only realistically available approach. The concerns raised in Shelton regarding abuse of the discovery process and adding time and expense to litigation are not implicated in this case where Dynasty seeks relevant information uniquely known by Pamida's attorneys about prior terminated litigation, the substance of which is central to the pending case. Expediency, however, is not our only concern. Although Shelton does not control in this case, Dynasty still must demonstrate that there has a been a waiver of the attorney-client privilege and that the work product privilege has either been waived or that the standard of the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(3) has been satisfied.

Rule 501 of the Federal Rules of Evidence provides that state law supplies the rule of decision on privilege in diversity cases. Both parties agree that Nebraska law controls the issue of waiver of attorney-client privilege in this case.4 Under Nebraska law, an implied waiver of the attorney-client privilege occurs when "(1) assertion of the privilege was a result of some affirmative act, such as filing suit, by the asserting party; (2) through this affirmative act, the asserting party put the protected information at issue by making it relevant to the case; and (3) application of the privilege would have denied the opposing party access to information vital to his defense." League v. Vanice, 221 Neb. 34, 374 N.W.2d 849, 856 (Ne.1985) (citations omitted). Here, Pamida instituted this action by filing a lawsuit for indemnification seeking recovery for legal expenses thereby putting the work of its attorneys directly at issue in the case. Application of the privilege under these circumstances would deny Dynasty access to vital information peculiarly possessed by the attorneys necessary to defend against Pamida's claims. In such circumstances, Pamida has waived the protection of the attorney-client privilege.

The work product privilege extends beyond the termination of litigation. See In re Murphy, 560 F.2d 326, 334 (8th Cir.1977). Thus, unless the privilege has been waived or the requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(3) satisfied, the work product privilege would protect much of the information Dynasty seeks to gain from Pamida's counsel. Because we find that Pamida has waived the work product privilege in this case, we need not address whether the Rule 26(b)(3) standard of substantial need an undue hardship has been shown by Dynasty.

The work product privilege is not absolute and may be waived. See United States v. Nobles, 422 U.S. 225, 239, 95 S. Ct. 2160, 45 L. Ed. 2d 141 (1975); see also In re Chrysler Motors Corp. Overnight Evaluation, 860 F.2d 844 (8th Cir.1988). This court has recognized that the privilege should be "applied in a commonsense manner in light of reason and experience as determined on a case-by-case basis." Pittman v. Frazer, 129 F.3d 983, 988 (8th Cir.1997). The privilege is designed to balance the needs of the adversary system to promote an attorney's preparation in representing a client against society's interest in revealing all true and material facts relevant to the resolution of a dispute. See Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 510-11, 67 S. Ct. 385, 91 L. Ed. 451 (1947). In the instant case, that balance weighs on the side of disclosure, and this Court holds that Pamida impliedly waived the work product privilege by bringing the indemnification action in which the information allegedly protected is crucial and unavailable by other means.

With respect to the issue of implied waiver, the Court must not only look at whether Pamida intended to waive the privilege, but also whether the interests fairness and consistency mandate a finding of waiver. See Wigmore, Evidence in Trial at Common Law, § 2327 at 636. (J. McNaughton rev.1961). "When a party seeks a greater advantage from its control over work product than the law must provide to maintain a healthy adversary system, the privilege should give way." In re Sealed Case, 676 F.2d 793, 818 (D.C.Cir.1982).

Here, the privilege must give way. The information sought from Pamida's counsel involves the crucial issues in the indemnification action, i.e., the nature of the work the attorneys performed in the patent infringement action, what actions were taken by Pamida to notify Dynasty of the patent infringement action and of Pamida's claim for indemnification, and whether the $750,000 incurred in attorneys' fees was reasonable. Fairness requires that the work product privilege must give way to Dynasty's right to investigate the facts underlying Pamida's claim and to mount a defense against that claim. Absent implied waiver, Dynasty would be denied access to critical information, known only to the LHDL attorneys. When Pamida instituted this indemnification action seeking to recover in excess of $1.2 million, of which $750,000 constitutes attorneys' fees, it clearly placed the work of its attorneys squarely at issue and thereby waived the work product privilege.

The final issue before this Court involves the scope of the lower court's ruling. Pamida and the LHDL attorneys argue that the district court abused its discretion in ruling on the LHDL attorneys' obligation to produce certain documents subpoenaed by Dynasty. They argue that this issue was not properly before the district court because they had served written objections to the document requests. But it was Pamida and the LHDL attorneys that moved to quash the subpoenas in their entirety. Furthermore, Rule 45(c)(2)(B) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that "[i]f objection is made, the party serving the subpoena shall not be entitled to inspect and copy the materials ... except pursuant to an order of the court by which the subpoena was issued." Here, the subpoenas were issued by the Minnesota District Court so it was proper for that court to rule on the motion to quash with respect to those subpoenas and the document requests attached thereto.

Based on the foregoing, we hereby affirm the district court's ruling.